The Heavy Truth Prevention and Management of Obesity in Dogs

As a preventable condition, obesity is often overlooked by pet parents who may not fully understand the long-term consequences of excess weight. Obesity can lead to a variety of health issues in your furry friend, including joint problems, heart disease, diabetes, and a reduced lifespan. Fortunately, dog obesity is avoidable and treatable with the proper strategies for prevention and management.

Understanding Obesity in Dogs

Obesity is defined as the accumulation of excessive body fat to the extent that it negatively affects a dog’s health. It is often assessed using the Body Condition Score (BCS), a scale that ranges from 1 to 9, with a score of 5 considered ideal. Dogs with a BCS of 6 or higher are generally classified as overweight or obese. While some breeds are more predisposed to obesity, such as Labrador Retrievers, Dachshunds, and Beagles, any dog can become obese, regardless of breed, age, or size.

Paws on the Scale – Causes of Obesity in Dogs

Several factors contribute to obesity in dogs, and it is usually a combination of these that leads to excessive weight gain.

Overfeeding and poor diet choices

The most significant contributor to obesity in dogs is overfeeding. Pet parents often give their furry friends excessive amounts of food. They fail to recognize the appropriate portion sizes. Additionally, many commercially available dog foods are high in calories, fat, and carbohydrates, which can contribute to weight gain if fed in excessive amounts. Human food is another factor contributing to obesity. Many pet parents feed their dogs table scraps or high-calorie treats, which adds unnecessary calories to their diet. Dogs are naturally inclined to eat what they are given, and they may not show signs of fullness as easily as humans, leading them to eat more than they need.

Lack of exercise

Dogs are natural athletes, and regular physical activity is essential for maintaining a healthy weight. Lack of exercise, either due to the pet parent’s busy schedule or the dog’s inability to engage in physical activity (due to age or injury, etc.), can lead to weight gain.

Age and heredity

As dogs age, their metabolism naturally slows down, and they may become less active. Older dogs are often more sedentary and may not require as many calories as younger dogs. As a result, if your pet’s food intake is not adjusted accordingly, he can easily gain weight. Heredity /genetics also plays a role in obesity. Some breeds are genetically predisposed to gain weight more easily, and dogs with a family history of obesity may have a higher likelihood of developing the condition.

Medical conditions and medications

Certain medical conditions can lead to obesity in dogs. For example – hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, are conditions where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone, leading to a slower metabolism and weight gain. Medications prescribed for other health issues can lead to weight gain as well. Steroids and other drugs can increase appetite or cause fluid retention, which may result in excessive weight gain.

Spaying and neutering

While spaying and neutering are essential for animal birth control and health benefits, these procedures can sometimes contribute to weight gain which can lead to a decrease in metabolism and an increase in appetite. Without proper dietary adjustments, these changes can lead to obesity.

The Weighty Issue – Risks of Obesity

Obesity in dogs can lead to several serious health problems.

Joint Problems

Excess weight puts added stress on your pet’s joints, which can lead to or exacerbate conditions such as arthritis, hip dysplasia, and intervertebral disc disease. Joint pain can significantly affect your pet’s quality of life, making it harder for him to move, play, or exercise.

Heart Disease

Obesity increases the risk of heart disease in your furry friend. The additional weight forces the heart to work harder, which can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure) and other cardiovascular issues. These conditions can reduce your pet’s life expectancy and quality of life.

Diabetes

Obesity is a significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes in dogs. In overweight dogs, insulin resistance occurs, which means that the body cannot efficiently use insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. This can lead to diabetes, a chronic condition that requires lifelong management and can cause serious complications if left untreated.

Reduced Lifespan

Obesity has been linked to a reduced lifespan in dogs. The excess weight increases the likelihood of developing chronic conditions such as those mentioned above, all of which can shorten your pet’s life.

Respiratory Problems

Obese dogs often have difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity or in hot weather. Excess fat around the chest and abdomen can restrict lung expansion, making it harder for your pet to get enough oxygen. Respiratory problems can make exercise and even daily activities challenging for your pet.

From Chubby to Healthy – Prevention of Obesity

Proper diet and controlled feeding

Feeding your pet a well-balanced diet is essential for maintaining a healthy weight. Choose a high-quality dog food that is appropriate for your furry friend’s age, size, and activity level. Avoid feeding him table scraps or human food, as these often contain unhealthy ingredients and excessive calories. Consult a canine nutritionist to determine the appropriate portion sizes for your pet based on his breed, physiological stage, weight, and activity level.

Instead of ad libitum feeding (leaving food out all day), establish a consistent feeding schedule for your pet. Most dogs benefit from being fed twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. Measuring out food and avoiding giving your pet extra treats can help prevent overfeeding.

Limit treats

Treats are an excellent way to reward your pet, but they can also add up quickly in terms of calories. Limit the number of treats your pet receives each day and choose healthy, low-calorie options. You can also use healthy alternatives like – carrot, cucumber, or apple slices as a reward.

Exercise

Ensure your pet receives regular exercise to burn off calories and maintain a healthy weight. The type and amount of exercise will depend on his breed, age, and fitness level. Most dogs benefit from at least 30 minutes to an hour of physical activity each day. Exercise can include walking, running, playing fetch, or engaging in interactive toys.

Monitor weight regularly

Regularly monitor your pet’s weight and BCS to catch any weight gain early. If you notice any changes, adjust his diet and exercise routine accordingly. Annual or bi-annual check-ups with your veterinarian will help ensure your pooch remains at a healthy weight.

Spaying/neutering considerations

If your pet is spayed or neutered, work with your veterinarian to adjust his diet and exercise routine. After the procedure, your pet’s caloric needs may change, and it’s essential to ensure he/she doesn’t gain weight due to hormonal changes.

The Weight is Over – Tips for Managing Dog Obesity

If your pet has already become obese, it’s not too late to help him shed the excess weight. Managing obesity involves a combination of dietary adjustments, exercise, and, in some cases, medical intervention.

Make a weight loss plan

Consult a canine nutritionist to create a tailored weight-loss plan for your pooch. The plan should involve gradual changes to your pet’s diet and exercise regimen. Rapid weight loss can be dangerous, so it’s essential to make small adjustments over time.

Calorie reduction

Reducing your pet’s calorie intake is a primary component of any weight loss plan. Your canine nutritionist may recommend a weight-management dog food that is low in calories but still provides all the necessary nutrients. Alternatively, you can reduce portion sizes or switch to healthier food options.

Increased exercise

Increase your pet’s exercise regimen to help him burn off more calories. Exercise should be gradual to avoid overexerting an overweight dog. Start with shorter walks or light play sessions and gradually increase the intensity and duration as your furry friend loses weight.

Monitor his progress

Regularly monitor your pet’s weight during the weight loss process. Keep track of his BCS and make adjustments to the diet or exercise plan as needed. It is important to celebrate small milestones and stay patient, as weight loss takes time.

Addressing underlying medical issues

If obesity is related to an underlying medical condition, such as hypothyroidism, ensure that the condition is properly treated. This may involve medication, hormone therapy, or other interventions, in addition to dietary and exercise changes.

Seek professional support

Some dogs may benefit from the support of a professional dog trainer or behaviorist, especially if overeating is related to behavioral issues like food obsession or anxiety. A behaviorist can help address these underlying issues and teach your pet healthier habits.

Obesity in dogs is a serious health concern that requires proactive prevention and careful management. By understanding the causes and risks of obesity, pet parents can take steps to ensure their pets maintain a healthy weight throughout their lives. If your pet is already obese, working with a veterinarian to create a personalized weight loss plan is essential for improving your pooch’s health and quality of life. With the right care, obesity is preventable, and many dogs can achieve and maintain a healthy weight, leading to a longer, happier life.

(Dr. H. S. Madhusudhan, (MVSc, PhD), Specialized in Canine Nutrition, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru)